CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Cesium is an alkali metal which is highly reactive metallic element found in nature. Has not been known whether it actually Cesium. What are the benefits of these elements and also how the existence in nature. So to find out about this cesium metal, made in this paper that the reader has knowledge of this element.
1.2 Problem formulation
Issues to be addressed are:
• How seajarah of the element cesium?
• How does the presence of cesium in the wild?
• What are the benefits of cesium in daily life?
• What are the dangers and impact?
• How to minimize the impact of these procedures?
• Why is cesium human need?
1.3 The purpose of Writing
The purpose of making this paper are:
• To find out more clearly cesium
• To determine the form of cesium in the wild
• To know the benefits of cesium in daily life
• To know the dangers and effects of cesium
• To know the procedures to minimize the impact of these elements
• To find out why the cesium necessary human
1.4 Benefits of Writing
The benefits that can be given of the writing of this paper is to provide information about cesium.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW REFERENCES
2.1 Definition of Cesium
Cesium is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. Cesium is a silver-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 ° C (82 ° F), which makes it one of the five elements of metal which is liquid at (or near) room temperature. Cesium is an alkali metal which has a similar chemical and physical properties of the rubidium and potassium. The metal is highly reactive and pyrophoric, react with water even at a temperature of -116 ° C (-177 ° F). Cesium is electronegative element that has a stable isotope. Cesium is mined mostly from pollucite, whereas radioisotopes, particularly cesium-137, fission products are extracted from the waste produced by nuclear reactors.
2.2 Cesium Isotopes
Isotopes of cesium: cesium has a total of 39 isotope is known that the range of the mass number of elements 112-151.
135 Cs radioactive element has a very long time about 2.3 million years. 135Cs isotope is one element of long-lived fission products of uranium are formed in nuclear reactors. However, the results of the fission products is reduced in the reactor because of its predecessor, 135Xe, is a very powerful poison and neutron transmutes for 136Xe is stable.
137Cs is a strong element of the emitter of gamma radiation that is responsible for the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling to a few hundred years later. For example, along with 90Sr 137Cs currently produces the largest source of radioactivity produced in the area around the Chernobyl disaster.
Almost all of the cesium generated from nuclear fission from neutron beta decay. Fission products are generally more affluent, through the various isotopes of iodine and xenon. Because the iodine and xenon are stable and can diffuse through the nuclear fuel or air, radioactive cesium. often made far from the original site of fission. With the commencement of testing of nuclear weapons around 1945, 137Cs released into the atmosphere and then return to the earth's surface as a component of radioactive fallout.
Cesium is the element that is relatively rare as one might expect about 3 parts per million in the crust. Because the ionic radii are large, cesium is one of the elements that are not compatible. During crystallization of magma, cesium is concentrated in the liquid phase and crystallize.
2.3 Characteristics of Cesium
• Nature of Physics
Cesium has a melting point of 28.4 ° C (83.1 ° F), making it one of the few metals that are liquid at room temperature. Besides the metal has a boiling point, 641 ° C (1186 ° F).
Cesium is a form of gold alloys with other alkali metals, and amalgam with mercury. At temperatures below 650 ° C (1202 ° F), combined with cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, tantalum, platinum, or tungsten. Cesium form intermetallic compounds with well-defined antimony, gallium, indium and thorium, which is photosensitive. Cesium mixed with other alkali metals (except lithium), and the molar distribution of cesium alloys with 41%, 47% potassium, and sodium 12% has the lowest melting point of any metal alloy that is at -78 ° C (-108 ° F).
• Chemical Properties
Cesium metal is very reactive and highly pyrophoric. React explosively with water even at low temperatures. Solid reaction with water occurs at a temperature -116 ° C (-177 ° F). Due to the high reactivity, cesium metal is classified as a hazardous material. Cesium is stored and shipped in dry saturated hydrocarbons such as mineral oil. Similarly, should be handled under an inert atmosphere such as argon. It can be stored in vacuum-sealed borosilicate glass ampoules. In amounts greater than about 100 grams (3.5 oz), cesium sent in a sealed container made of stainless steel.
Chemical properties of cesium are similar to other alkali metals, but more closely resemble the rubidium. Some small differences arise from the fact that cesium has a higher atomic mass and is more electropositive than the other (non-radioactive). Cesium is a chemical element that most electropositive stable. Cesium ions are also larger and less "hard" than the lighter alkali metals.
CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
3.1 History of Cesium
In 1860, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered cesium in mineral water in Durkheim, Germany. Because the light blue line in the emission spectrum, they chose a name derived from the Latin word caesius, which means blue sky. Cesium is the first element that is found to spectroscopically, only one year after the invention of the spectroscope by Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
To obtain a pure sample of cesium, 44 000 liters of mineral water must be evaporated to produce 240 kilograms of concentrated salt solution. Alkaline earth metal is deposited either as sulphate or oxalate, leaving the alkali metals in solution. After conversion to nitrate and extraction with ethanol, sodium-free mixture is obtained. From this mixture, lithium carbonate is precipitated with ammonium. Potassium, rubidium and cesium form soluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but these salts showed little difference in solubility in hot water. Therefore, the less-soluble cesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate can be obtained by fractional crystallization. After reduction with hydrogen hexachloroplatinate, cesium and rubidium can be separated by differences in their solubility in alcohol carbonates. The process yielded 9.2 grams (0.32 ounces) of rubidium chloride and 7.3 grams (0.26 ounces) of cesium chloride than 44,000 liters of mineral water early.
The two scientists were using cesium chloride obtained to estimate the atomic weights of new elements. They try to produce the element cesium chloride by electrolysis of molten cesium, but instead of metal, they obtained a blue homogeneous substance. In the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of mercury chloride with cesium amalgam anode produces an easy to decompose under aqueous conditions. Finally isolated the pure metal by the German chemist, Carl Setterberg. In 1882 he produced with mengelektrolisis cesium cesium metal cyanide.
Since 1967, the International System of measurement has units of time based on the properties of cesium. International System of Units (SI) defines it as 9,192,631,770 cycles of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state energy of the cesium atom-to-13 General 133.Konferensi on Weights and Measures of 1967 mendefinisika as: "The duration throughout 9192. 631 770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or emitted by the hyperfine transition of cesium-133 atom in the ground state have been adversely affected by external fields ".
Since the 1990s, the application of the largest element cesium is a format for the drilling fluid. Cesium has a wide range of applications in the production of electricity in electronics, and chemicals. Radioactive isotope cesium-137 has a half life of about 30 years and used in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology. This element is less toxic because it is a hazardous materials as metals and radioisotopes that present a high health risk in the case of a radiation leak.
3.2 The presence of Cesium in Natural
Cesium is one element of the reactive alkali metal, white and soft. Cesium is widely available in nature in rock layers, and in the form of minerals such as Pollux (pollucit), lepidotite, carnallite, and feldspar. In the laboratory cesium can be prepared by electrolysis process extracts the minerals in the form of cyanide (cianyde) or by heating magnesium hydroxide or carbonate or aluminum.
3.3 Benefits of Cesium
A. Oil Exploration
Flow is the largest end use of cesium in the cesium formate-based drilling fluids for oil extractive industries. Aqueous solutions of cesium format (HCOO-Cs +)-prepared by reacting cesium hydroxide with formic acid, was developed in the mid-1990s for use as an oil well drilling and completion fluids. Cesium format functions as a drilling fluid to lubricate the drill bit, to bring a piece of rock to the surface, and to keep the pressure on the formation during drilling. As a liquid solution, which helps control the emplacement hardware after drilling but before production, cesium format function is to maintain the pressure.
2. Atomic Clock
Cesium atomic clocks based on the electromagnetic transitions observed in the hyperfine structure of cesium-133 atom and use it as a reference point. The first accurate cesium clock built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in England. Since then, they've improved many times over the last half century. Cesium clock is also used in the transmission network that oversees the flow of information on mobile phones and the Internet.
3. Electricity and Electronics
Cesium vapor thermionic generator that converts low-power lifter heat energy into electrical energy. In two-electrode vacuum tube converter, this tool is built to neutralize the space charge near the cathode to increase the flow of current.
Cesium is also important for photoemissive properties where light energy is converted into a stream of electrons. It is used in photoelectric cells such as cesium-based cathode K2CsSb intermetallic compounds have a low threshold voltage for electron emission. The range of photoemissive devices using cesium including optical character recognition devices, photomultiplier tubes, and the video camera tube. However, germanium, rubidium, selenium, silicon, tellurium, and some other elements can replace cesium as a photosensitive material.
4. Centrifugation fluid
Due to the high density, a solution of cesium chloride (CsCl), sulfate (Cs2SO4), and trifluoroacetate (Cs (O2CCF3)) are commonly used in molecular biology for density gradient ultracentrifugation. This technology is mainly applied to the isolation of virus particles, sub-cellular organelles and fractions thereof, and nucleic acids from biological samples.
5. In the field of Chemistry and Medical Use
Relatively little chemical application to cesium. Cesium compounds are used to enhance the effectiveness of some metal-ion catalyst used in the production of chemicals, such as acrylic acid, anthraquinone, ethylene oxide, methanol, phthalic anhydride, styrene, methyl methacrylate monomer, and a variety of olefins. It is also used in the catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid production.
6. Nuclear and Isotope Application
Cesium-137 is commonly used as a gamma emitter radioisotopes in industrial applications. Advantages include a half-life of about 30 years, the availability of nuclear fuel cycle, and has 137Ba as a stable end product. High water solubility is a disadvantage that makes it incompatible with food and medical irradiation. It has been used in agriculture, cancer treatment, and sterilization of food equipment, sewage sludge, and surgery. Radioactive cesium isotopes in radiation devices used in the medical field for treating certain types of cancer.
Cesium-137 has been used in various industrial measurement gauges, including moisture, density, leveling, and measuring the thickness. These elements have also been used in well logging device for measuring the electron density of the rock formation, which is analogous to the formation bulk density.
Isotope 137 has also been used in hydrologic studies analogous to those that use tritium. It is a daughter product of nuclear fission reaction. With the commencement of nuclear testing throughout 1945, and continuing through the mid-1980s, cesium-137 released into the atmosphere where it is easily absorbed into the solution. Known year-to year variation in the period which allows correlation with the soil and sediments. Cesium-134, and to lower levels of cesium-135, has also been used in hydrology as a measure of cesium output by the nuclear power industry.
7. Use of Other
Cesium is used as a propellant in early ion engines designed for the propulsion of spacecraft on interplanetary missions are very long or extraplanetary.
Cesium nitrate is used as an oxidizer and pyrotechnic colorant to burn silicon in the infrared flare as the flare-19 Luu, because it emits more light in the near infrared spectrum. Cesium with rubidium, have been added as the carbonate to glass as it reduces the electrical conductivity and increase the stability and durability of fiber optics and night vision. Cesium fluoride or aluminum fluoride is cesium used in brazing flux formulated for aluminum alloys containing magnesium.
8. Prognostications
Cesium also has been considered as a fluid in a high temperature. Cesium salts have been evaluated as a reagent antishock. to be used after administration of arsenic. Because of its effect on heart rhythm, but these metals are less likely to use than the potassium or rubidium salt. Cesium salts have also been used to treat epilepsy.
3.4 Hazards and Effects of Cesium
Cesium compounds rarely encountered by most people, but the cesium compound is rather toxic compounds. Exposure to a large number of cesium compounds can cause hyperirritability and spasms, but that number will not normally encountered in natural resources. Cesium is not a major environmental chemical pollutants. Median lethal dose (LD50) value of cesium chloride in rats is 2.3 g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD50 value of potassium chloride and sodium chloride.
3.5 Procedures to Minimize Impact of Cesium
Most of us certainly understand the dangers of nuclear radiation exposure. Bulgarian society of the region close to the Ukraine, for example, has seen the negative effects of radiation around the Chernobyl tragedy 15 years after the event. Most of them said to breast cancer, thyroid and lung. Cancer is said to be caused by the element cesium is absorbed by the soil when these elements come together with the rain clouds evaporate shortly after the explosion occurred.
To reduce the impact of radiation exposure, the Ukrainian government at that time directly to plant Sunflowers. This plant is said to be able to absorb the content of uranium and stronium-90, who became the ringleader of a genetic mutation in the human body. Restoration efforts by Dr. Ilya Raskin, a biotechnology expert from Rutgers University, called phytoremediation.
Not only sunflower, corn, tobacco, mustard India and even cannabis (marijuana) proved able to absorb the elements chromium, lead, copper, and nickel contaminated with radiation from the ground. For that Ukrainian society is advisable to plant crops dikebunnya, in addition to meeting the food needs of course.
This effort was later imitated by the Japanese government. Through the Minister of Mines and Energy, the Japanese government said that they plan to plant sunflowers and rapeseeduntuk absorb cesium contamination present in the soil due to nuclear radiation Fukushima reactor. They take the seeds from Thailand given the state flower is the largest producer of sunflower.
Later about 300 pounds of flower seeds will be planted in schools and 30 km radius danger zone seputaran Fukushima reactor. The sunflower is expected to absorb the element cesium contained in the soil. To prevent the content of cesium in the air, the Japanese government would prefer to make the crop as komposdengan help aerobic bacteria rather than burn it.
Actual use of plants in the field of antiradiasi not new, especially in Japan. In the book No nukes: everyone's guide to nuclear power by Anna Gyorgy (1979), stated that the spiderwort flowers have been planted around the reactor Hamoka (1976) to detect nuclear radiation since the beginning of construction. Purple flowers will soon change color to pink when the area around the reactor exposed to radiation. It turned out that the earth is not only quiet time of disaster. Word nature would always tell us of his ways. May the rising sun country may soon be free of radiation exposure to the sun either by interest or in any way good.
3.6 Reasons Why Cesium required in Everyday Life
Cesium-137 is one of the most common radioisotopes used in industry. Thousands of devices using cesium-137:
• moisture density gauges, widely used in the construction industry
• leveling gauges, used in industry to detect fluid flow in pipes and tanks
• thickness gauges, to measure the thickness of sheet metal, paper, film and many other products
• well logging tools in the drilling industry to help characterize rock strata
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
4.1 Conclusion
From these discussions, it can be concluded that the cesium is one element of alkali metal is white, soft, and is reactive.
Cesium is used in certain vacuum tube to remove residual oxygen; in the light-sensitive surface of the photoelectric cell cathode to generate electrons; radioactive isotope cesium-137 used in power and atomic energy research in the field of medical and industrial fields.
4.2 Advice
Due to the limitations of the tools and knowledge that the authors have, the authors suggest to be done to further penilitian. Moreover, because of time constraints that are owned by the author, the author penyarankan that the added time in the manufacture of the next paper.
REFERENCES
• Sunardi. , 2008. Chemistry Bilingual For SMA / MA X11 Grade Semester 1 and 2. New York:
Yrama widya.
• Anonim.2011.Unsur Kimia Cesium.Http://indonesiaindonesia.com/f/88759-unsur-kimia-
Cesium/ (di akses 2012/03/03)
•Anonim. 2012. Tabel_periodik sesium.Http://www.chem-is-try.org/table/_periodik/sesium/
(diakses 2012/03/03)
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Cesium is an alkali metal which is highly reactive metallic element found in nature. Has not been known whether it actually Cesium. What are the benefits of these elements and also how the existence in nature. So to find out about this cesium metal, made in this paper that the reader has knowledge of this element.
1.2 Problem formulation
Issues to be addressed are:
• How seajarah of the element cesium?
• How does the presence of cesium in the wild?
• What are the benefits of cesium in daily life?
• What are the dangers and impact?
• How to minimize the impact of these procedures?
• Why is cesium human need?
1.3 The purpose of Writing
The purpose of making this paper are:
• To find out more clearly cesium
• To determine the form of cesium in the wild
• To know the benefits of cesium in daily life
• To know the dangers and effects of cesium
• To know the procedures to minimize the impact of these elements
• To find out why the cesium necessary human
1.4 Benefits of Writing
The benefits that can be given of the writing of this paper is to provide information about cesium.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW REFERENCES
2.1 Definition of Cesium
Cesium is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. Cesium is a silver-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 ° C (82 ° F), which makes it one of the five elements of metal which is liquid at (or near) room temperature. Cesium is an alkali metal which has a similar chemical and physical properties of the rubidium and potassium. The metal is highly reactive and pyrophoric, react with water even at a temperature of -116 ° C (-177 ° F). Cesium is electronegative element that has a stable isotope. Cesium is mined mostly from pollucite, whereas radioisotopes, particularly cesium-137, fission products are extracted from the waste produced by nuclear reactors.
2.2 Cesium Isotopes
Isotopes of cesium: cesium has a total of 39 isotope is known that the range of the mass number of elements 112-151.
135 Cs radioactive element has a very long time about 2.3 million years. 135Cs isotope is one element of long-lived fission products of uranium are formed in nuclear reactors. However, the results of the fission products is reduced in the reactor because of its predecessor, 135Xe, is a very powerful poison and neutron transmutes for 136Xe is stable.
137Cs is a strong element of the emitter of gamma radiation that is responsible for the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling to a few hundred years later. For example, along with 90Sr 137Cs currently produces the largest source of radioactivity produced in the area around the Chernobyl disaster.
Almost all of the cesium generated from nuclear fission from neutron beta decay. Fission products are generally more affluent, through the various isotopes of iodine and xenon. Because the iodine and xenon are stable and can diffuse through the nuclear fuel or air, radioactive cesium. often made far from the original site of fission. With the commencement of testing of nuclear weapons around 1945, 137Cs released into the atmosphere and then return to the earth's surface as a component of radioactive fallout.
Cesium is the element that is relatively rare as one might expect about 3 parts per million in the crust. Because the ionic radii are large, cesium is one of the elements that are not compatible. During crystallization of magma, cesium is concentrated in the liquid phase and crystallize.
2.3 Characteristics of Cesium
• Nature of Physics
Cesium has a melting point of 28.4 ° C (83.1 ° F), making it one of the few metals that are liquid at room temperature. Besides the metal has a boiling point, 641 ° C (1186 ° F).
Cesium is a form of gold alloys with other alkali metals, and amalgam with mercury. At temperatures below 650 ° C (1202 ° F), combined with cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, tantalum, platinum, or tungsten. Cesium form intermetallic compounds with well-defined antimony, gallium, indium and thorium, which is photosensitive. Cesium mixed with other alkali metals (except lithium), and the molar distribution of cesium alloys with 41%, 47% potassium, and sodium 12% has the lowest melting point of any metal alloy that is at -78 ° C (-108 ° F).
• Chemical Properties
Cesium metal is very reactive and highly pyrophoric. React explosively with water even at low temperatures. Solid reaction with water occurs at a temperature -116 ° C (-177 ° F). Due to the high reactivity, cesium metal is classified as a hazardous material. Cesium is stored and shipped in dry saturated hydrocarbons such as mineral oil. Similarly, should be handled under an inert atmosphere such as argon. It can be stored in vacuum-sealed borosilicate glass ampoules. In amounts greater than about 100 grams (3.5 oz), cesium sent in a sealed container made of stainless steel.
Chemical properties of cesium are similar to other alkali metals, but more closely resemble the rubidium. Some small differences arise from the fact that cesium has a higher atomic mass and is more electropositive than the other (non-radioactive). Cesium is a chemical element that most electropositive stable. Cesium ions are also larger and less "hard" than the lighter alkali metals.
CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
3.1 History of Cesium
In 1860, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered cesium in mineral water in Durkheim, Germany. Because the light blue line in the emission spectrum, they chose a name derived from the Latin word caesius, which means blue sky. Cesium is the first element that is found to spectroscopically, only one year after the invention of the spectroscope by Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
To obtain a pure sample of cesium, 44 000 liters of mineral water must be evaporated to produce 240 kilograms of concentrated salt solution. Alkaline earth metal is deposited either as sulphate or oxalate, leaving the alkali metals in solution. After conversion to nitrate and extraction with ethanol, sodium-free mixture is obtained. From this mixture, lithium carbonate is precipitated with ammonium. Potassium, rubidium and cesium form soluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but these salts showed little difference in solubility in hot water. Therefore, the less-soluble cesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate can be obtained by fractional crystallization. After reduction with hydrogen hexachloroplatinate, cesium and rubidium can be separated by differences in their solubility in alcohol carbonates. The process yielded 9.2 grams (0.32 ounces) of rubidium chloride and 7.3 grams (0.26 ounces) of cesium chloride than 44,000 liters of mineral water early.
The two scientists were using cesium chloride obtained to estimate the atomic weights of new elements. They try to produce the element cesium chloride by electrolysis of molten cesium, but instead of metal, they obtained a blue homogeneous substance. In the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of mercury chloride with cesium amalgam anode produces an easy to decompose under aqueous conditions. Finally isolated the pure metal by the German chemist, Carl Setterberg. In 1882 he produced with mengelektrolisis cesium cesium metal cyanide.
Since 1967, the International System of measurement has units of time based on the properties of cesium. International System of Units (SI) defines it as 9,192,631,770 cycles of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state energy of the cesium atom-to-13 General 133.Konferensi on Weights and Measures of 1967 mendefinisika as: "The duration throughout 9192. 631 770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or emitted by the hyperfine transition of cesium-133 atom in the ground state have been adversely affected by external fields ".
Since the 1990s, the application of the largest element cesium is a format for the drilling fluid. Cesium has a wide range of applications in the production of electricity in electronics, and chemicals. Radioactive isotope cesium-137 has a half life of about 30 years and used in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology. This element is less toxic because it is a hazardous materials as metals and radioisotopes that present a high health risk in the case of a radiation leak.
3.2 The presence of Cesium in Natural
Cesium is one element of the reactive alkali metal, white and soft. Cesium is widely available in nature in rock layers, and in the form of minerals such as Pollux (pollucit), lepidotite, carnallite, and feldspar. In the laboratory cesium can be prepared by electrolysis process extracts the minerals in the form of cyanide (cianyde) or by heating magnesium hydroxide or carbonate or aluminum.
3.3 Benefits of Cesium
A. Oil Exploration
Flow is the largest end use of cesium in the cesium formate-based drilling fluids for oil extractive industries. Aqueous solutions of cesium format (HCOO-Cs +)-prepared by reacting cesium hydroxide with formic acid, was developed in the mid-1990s for use as an oil well drilling and completion fluids. Cesium format functions as a drilling fluid to lubricate the drill bit, to bring a piece of rock to the surface, and to keep the pressure on the formation during drilling. As a liquid solution, which helps control the emplacement hardware after drilling but before production, cesium format function is to maintain the pressure.
2. Atomic Clock
Cesium atomic clocks based on the electromagnetic transitions observed in the hyperfine structure of cesium-133 atom and use it as a reference point. The first accurate cesium clock built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in England. Since then, they've improved many times over the last half century. Cesium clock is also used in the transmission network that oversees the flow of information on mobile phones and the Internet.
3. Electricity and Electronics
Cesium vapor thermionic generator that converts low-power lifter heat energy into electrical energy. In two-electrode vacuum tube converter, this tool is built to neutralize the space charge near the cathode to increase the flow of current.
Cesium is also important for photoemissive properties where light energy is converted into a stream of electrons. It is used in photoelectric cells such as cesium-based cathode K2CsSb intermetallic compounds have a low threshold voltage for electron emission. The range of photoemissive devices using cesium including optical character recognition devices, photomultiplier tubes, and the video camera tube. However, germanium, rubidium, selenium, silicon, tellurium, and some other elements can replace cesium as a photosensitive material.
4. Centrifugation fluid
Due to the high density, a solution of cesium chloride (CsCl), sulfate (Cs2SO4), and trifluoroacetate (Cs (O2CCF3)) are commonly used in molecular biology for density gradient ultracentrifugation. This technology is mainly applied to the isolation of virus particles, sub-cellular organelles and fractions thereof, and nucleic acids from biological samples.
5. In the field of Chemistry and Medical Use
Relatively little chemical application to cesium. Cesium compounds are used to enhance the effectiveness of some metal-ion catalyst used in the production of chemicals, such as acrylic acid, anthraquinone, ethylene oxide, methanol, phthalic anhydride, styrene, methyl methacrylate monomer, and a variety of olefins. It is also used in the catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid production.
6. Nuclear and Isotope Application
Cesium-137 is commonly used as a gamma emitter radioisotopes in industrial applications. Advantages include a half-life of about 30 years, the availability of nuclear fuel cycle, and has 137Ba as a stable end product. High water solubility is a disadvantage that makes it incompatible with food and medical irradiation. It has been used in agriculture, cancer treatment, and sterilization of food equipment, sewage sludge, and surgery. Radioactive cesium isotopes in radiation devices used in the medical field for treating certain types of cancer.
Cesium-137 has been used in various industrial measurement gauges, including moisture, density, leveling, and measuring the thickness. These elements have also been used in well logging device for measuring the electron density of the rock formation, which is analogous to the formation bulk density.
Isotope 137 has also been used in hydrologic studies analogous to those that use tritium. It is a daughter product of nuclear fission reaction. With the commencement of nuclear testing throughout 1945, and continuing through the mid-1980s, cesium-137 released into the atmosphere where it is easily absorbed into the solution. Known year-to year variation in the period which allows correlation with the soil and sediments. Cesium-134, and to lower levels of cesium-135, has also been used in hydrology as a measure of cesium output by the nuclear power industry.
7. Use of Other
Cesium is used as a propellant in early ion engines designed for the propulsion of spacecraft on interplanetary missions are very long or extraplanetary.
Cesium nitrate is used as an oxidizer and pyrotechnic colorant to burn silicon in the infrared flare as the flare-19 Luu, because it emits more light in the near infrared spectrum. Cesium with rubidium, have been added as the carbonate to glass as it reduces the electrical conductivity and increase the stability and durability of fiber optics and night vision. Cesium fluoride or aluminum fluoride is cesium used in brazing flux formulated for aluminum alloys containing magnesium.
8. Prognostications
Cesium also has been considered as a fluid in a high temperature. Cesium salts have been evaluated as a reagent antishock. to be used after administration of arsenic. Because of its effect on heart rhythm, but these metals are less likely to use than the potassium or rubidium salt. Cesium salts have also been used to treat epilepsy.
3.4 Hazards and Effects of Cesium
Cesium compounds rarely encountered by most people, but the cesium compound is rather toxic compounds. Exposure to a large number of cesium compounds can cause hyperirritability and spasms, but that number will not normally encountered in natural resources. Cesium is not a major environmental chemical pollutants. Median lethal dose (LD50) value of cesium chloride in rats is 2.3 g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD50 value of potassium chloride and sodium chloride.
3.5 Procedures to Minimize Impact of Cesium
Most of us certainly understand the dangers of nuclear radiation exposure. Bulgarian society of the region close to the Ukraine, for example, has seen the negative effects of radiation around the Chernobyl tragedy 15 years after the event. Most of them said to breast cancer, thyroid and lung. Cancer is said to be caused by the element cesium is absorbed by the soil when these elements come together with the rain clouds evaporate shortly after the explosion occurred.
To reduce the impact of radiation exposure, the Ukrainian government at that time directly to plant Sunflowers. This plant is said to be able to absorb the content of uranium and stronium-90, who became the ringleader of a genetic mutation in the human body. Restoration efforts by Dr. Ilya Raskin, a biotechnology expert from Rutgers University, called phytoremediation.
Not only sunflower, corn, tobacco, mustard India and even cannabis (marijuana) proved able to absorb the elements chromium, lead, copper, and nickel contaminated with radiation from the ground. For that Ukrainian society is advisable to plant crops dikebunnya, in addition to meeting the food needs of course.
This effort was later imitated by the Japanese government. Through the Minister of Mines and Energy, the Japanese government said that they plan to plant sunflowers and rapeseeduntuk absorb cesium contamination present in the soil due to nuclear radiation Fukushima reactor. They take the seeds from Thailand given the state flower is the largest producer of sunflower.
Later about 300 pounds of flower seeds will be planted in schools and 30 km radius danger zone seputaran Fukushima reactor. The sunflower is expected to absorb the element cesium contained in the soil. To prevent the content of cesium in the air, the Japanese government would prefer to make the crop as komposdengan help aerobic bacteria rather than burn it.
Actual use of plants in the field of antiradiasi not new, especially in Japan. In the book No nukes: everyone's guide to nuclear power by Anna Gyorgy (1979), stated that the spiderwort flowers have been planted around the reactor Hamoka (1976) to detect nuclear radiation since the beginning of construction. Purple flowers will soon change color to pink when the area around the reactor exposed to radiation. It turned out that the earth is not only quiet time of disaster. Word nature would always tell us of his ways. May the rising sun country may soon be free of radiation exposure to the sun either by interest or in any way good.
3.6 Reasons Why Cesium required in Everyday Life
Cesium-137 is one of the most common radioisotopes used in industry. Thousands of devices using cesium-137:
• moisture density gauges, widely used in the construction industry
• leveling gauges, used in industry to detect fluid flow in pipes and tanks
• thickness gauges, to measure the thickness of sheet metal, paper, film and many other products
• well logging tools in the drilling industry to help characterize rock strata
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
4.1 Conclusion
From these discussions, it can be concluded that the cesium is one element of alkali metal is white, soft, and is reactive.
Cesium is used in certain vacuum tube to remove residual oxygen; in the light-sensitive surface of the photoelectric cell cathode to generate electrons; radioactive isotope cesium-137 used in power and atomic energy research in the field of medical and industrial fields.
4.2 Advice
Due to the limitations of the tools and knowledge that the authors have, the authors suggest to be done to further penilitian. Moreover, because of time constraints that are owned by the author, the author penyarankan that the added time in the manufacture of the next paper.
REFERENCES
• Sunardi. , 2008. Chemistry Bilingual For SMA / MA X11 Grade Semester 1 and 2. New York:
Yrama widya.
• Anonim.2011.Unsur Kimia Cesium.Http://indonesiaindonesia.com/f/88759-unsur-kimia-
Cesium/ (di akses 2012/03/03)
•Anonim. 2012. Tabel_periodik sesium.Http://www.chem-is-try.org/table/_periodik/sesium/
(diakses 2012/03/03)
Thanks end Good tas Masukannya My Feriends...!!!
BalasHapus